Soil fumigants and soil sterilants are applied by which method?

• A. Seed coating
• B. Post-harvest wash
• C. Soil application
• D. Foliar spray

Answer: (C)

Fumigants and soil sterilants are designed to control pests and pathogens that live in the soil, so the delivery must reach the soil environment. They are typically applied by soil application—delivered directly into the soil, whether by injection, broadcasting into the bed, or incorporation with tillage or irrigation, often with sealing or tarping to contain vapors and ensure effective distribution. This targets soil-borne organisms like nematodes, fungi, weeds, and other pests. They are not seed coatings, which would place chemicals on seeds; not post-harvest washes, which occur after harvest; and not foliar sprays, which target leaves and above-ground parts.